Motivation
When I started with Python and created my first package I was confused. Creating and managing a package seemed much harder than I expected. In addition, multiple tools existed and I wasn’t sure which one to use. I’m sure most of you had the very same problem in the past. Python has a zillion tools to manage virtual environments and create packages and it can be hard (or almost impossible) to understand which one fits your needs. Several talks and blog post on the topic exist, but none of them gives a complete overview or evaluates the tools in a structured fashion. This is what this post is about. I want to give you a truly unbiased evaluation of existing packaging and environment management tools. In case you’d rather watch a talk, take a look at the recording of PyCon DE 2023.
Categorization
For the purpose of this article I identified five main categories that are important when it comes to environment and package management:
- Environment management (which is mostly concerned with virtual environments)
- Package management
- Python version management
- Package building
- Package publishing
As you can see in the Venn diagram below, lots of tools exist. Some can do a single thing (i.e. they are single-purpose), others can perform multiple tasks (hence I call them multi-purpose tools).
Let’s walk through the categories keeping a developers perspective in mind. Let’s say you are working on a personal project alongside your work projects. At work you’re using Python 3.7 whereas your personal project should be using the newest Python version (currently 3.11). In other words: you want to be able to install different Python versions and switch between them. That’s what our first category, Python version management is about.
Within your projects you are using other packages (e.g. pandas or sklearn for data science). These are dependencies of your project that you have to install and manage (e.g. upgrade when new versions are released). This is what package management is about.
Because different projects might require different versions of the same package you need to create (and manage) virtual environments to avoid dependency conflicts. Tools for this are collected in the category environment management. Most tools use virtual environments, but some use another concept called „local packages“ which we will look at later.
Once your code is in a proper state you might want to share it with fellow developers. For this you first have to build your package (package building) before you can publish it to PyPI or another index (package publishing).
In the following we will look at each of the categories in more detail, including a short definition, motivation and the available tools. I will present some single-purpose tools in more detail and several multi-purpose tools in a separate section at the end. Let’s get started with the first category: Python version management.
Python version management
Definition
A tool that can perform Python version management allows you to install Python versions and switch between them easily.
Motivation
Why would we want to use different Python versions? There are several reasons. For example, you might be working of several projects where each projects requires a different Python version. Or you might develop a project that supports several Python versions and you want to test all of them. Besides that it can be nice to check out what the newest Python version has to offer, or test a pre-release version of Python for bugs.
Tools
Our Venn diagram displays the available tools for Python version management: pyenv, conda, rye and PyFlow. We will first look at pyenv and consider the multi-purpose tools in a separate section.
pyenv
Python has one single-purpose tool that lets you install and manage Python versions: pyenv! Pyenv is easy to use. The most important commands are the following:
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# Install specific Python version pyenv install 3.11 # Switch between Python versions pyenv shell 3.11 # select version just for current shell session pyenv local 3.11 # automatically select version whenever you are in the current directory pyenv global 3.11 # select version globally for your user account |
(Virtual) environment management
Definition
A tool that can perform environment management allows you to create and manage (virtual) environments.
Motivation
Why do we want to use environments in the first place? As mentioned in the beginning, projects have specific requirements (i.e. they depend on other packages). It’s often the case that different projects require different versions of the same package. This can cause dependency conflicts. In addition, problems can occur when using pip install to install a package because the package is placed with your system-wide Python installation. Some of these problems can be solved by using the --user flag in the pip command. However, this option might not be known to everyone, especially beginners.
Tools
Many tools allow users to create and manage environments. These are: venv, virtualenv, pipenv, conda, pdm, poetry, hatch, rye and PyFlow. Only two of them are single-purpose tools: venv and virtualenv. Let’s look at both of them in more detail.
venv
Venv is the built-in Python package for creating virtual environments. This means that it is shipped with Python and does not have to be installed by the user. The most important commands are the following:
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# Create new environment python3 -m venv # Activate an environment source /bin/activate # Deactivate an active environment deactivate |
virtualenv
Virtualenv tries to improve venv. It offers more features than venv and is faster and more powerful. The most important commands are similar to the ones of venv, only creating a new environment is cleaner:
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# Create new environment virtualenv # Activate an environment source /bin/activate # Deactivate an active environment deactivate |
Recap I – pyproject.toml
Before we can talk about packaging I want to make sure that you are aware of the most important file for packaging: pyproject.toml.
Packaging in Python has come a long way. Until PEP 518 setup.py files where used for packaging, using setuptools as a build tool. PEP 518 introduced the usage of a pyproject.toml file. As a consequence, you always need a pyproject.toml file when creating a package. pyproject.toml is used to define the settings of a project, define metadata and lots of other things. If you would like to see an example check out the pyproject.toml file of the pandas library. With the knowledge on pyproject.toml we can go on at take a look at package management.
Package management
Definition
A tool that can perform package management is able to download and install libraries and their dependencies.
Motivation
Why do we care about packages? Packages allow us to define a hierarchy of modules and to access modules easily using the dot-syntax (from package.module import my_function). In addition, they make it easy to share code with other developers. Since each package contains a pyproject.toml file which defines its dependencies, other developers don’t have to install the required packages separately but can simply install the package from its pyproject.toml file.
Tools
Lots of tools can perform package management: pip, pipx, pipenv, conda, pdm, poetry, rye and PyFlow. The single-purpose tool for package management is pip which is well known in the Python community.
pip
The standard package manager for Python is pip. It’s shipped with Python and allows you to install packages from PyPI and other indexes. The main command (probably one of the first commands a Python developer learns) is pip install . Of course, pip offers lots of other options. Check out the documentation for more information about available flags, etc.
Recap II – Lock file
Before we go on to the multi-purpose tools, there is one more file that’s important for packaging: the lock file. While pyproject.toml contains abstract dependencies, a lock file contains concrete dependencies. It records exact versions of all dependencies installed for a project (e.g. pandas==2.0.3). This enables reproducibility of projects across multiple platforms. If you have never seen a lock file before, take a look at this one from poetry:
Multi-purpose tools
Knowing about lock files we can start looking at tools that perform several tasks. We will start with pipenv and conda before we transition to packaging tools like poetry and pdm.
Pipenv
As the name suggests, pipenv combines pip and virtualenv. It allows you to perform virtual environment management and package management as we can see in our Venn diagram:
pipenv introduces two additional files:
– Pipfile
– Pipfile.lock
Pipfile is a TOML file (similar to pyproject.toml) used to define project dependencies. It is managed by the developer when she invokes pipenv commands (like pipenv install). Pipfile.lock allows for deterministic builds. It eliminates the need for a requirements.txt file and is managed automatically through locking actions .
The most important pipenv commands are:
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# Install package pipenv install # Run Python script within virtual env pipenv run # Activate virtual env pipenv shell |
Conda
Conda is a general-purpose package management system. That means that it’s not limited to Python packages. Conda is a huge tool with lots of capabilities. Lot’s of tutorials and blog posts exist (for example the official one) so I won’t go into more detail here. However, I want to mention one thing: while it is possible to build and publish a package with conda I did not include the tool in the appropriate categories. That’s because packaging with conda works a little differently and the resulting packages will be conda packages.
Feature evaluation
Last but not least I want to present multi-purpose tools for packaging. I promised an unbiased evaluation. For this purpose I created a list of features that I consider important when comparing different tools. The features are:
| Feature | |
|---|---|
| Does the tool manage dependencies? | ? |
| Does it resolve/lock dependencies? | ? |
| Is there a clean build/publish flow? | ? |
| Does it allow to use plugins? | ? |
| Does it support PEP 660 (editable installs)? | ? |
| Does it support PEP 621 (project metadata)? | ? |
Regarding the two PEPs: Python has a lot of open and closed PEPs on packaging. For a full overview take a look at this page. I only included PEP 660 and PEP 621 for specific reasons:
- PEP 660 is about editable installs for
pyproject.tomlbased builds. When you install a package usingpipyou have the option to install it in editable mode usingpip install -e package_name. This is an important features to have when you are developing a package and want your changes to be directly reflected in your environment. - PEP 621 specifies how to write a project’s core metadata in a
pyproject.tomlfile. I added it because one package (spoiler: it’spoetry) currently does not support this PEP but uses its own way for declaring metadata.
Flit
Flit tries to create a simple way to put Python packages and modules on PyPI. It has a very specific use case: it’s meant to be used for packaging pure Python packages (that is, packages without a build step). It doesn’t care about any of the other tasks:
– Python version management: ❌
– Package management: ❌
– Environment management: ❌
– Building a package: ✅
– Publishing a package: ✅
This is also reflected in our Venn diagram:
Feature evaluation
| Feature | |
|---|---|
| Does the tool manage dependencies? | ❌ |
| Does it resolve/lock dependencies? | ❌ |
| Is there a clean build/publish flow? | ✅ |
| Does it allow to use plugins? | ❌ |
| Does it support PEP 660 (editable installs)? | ✅ |
| Does it support PEP 621 (project metadata)? | ✅ |
Main commands
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# Create new pyproject.toml flit init # Build and publish flit publish |
Poetry
Poetry is a well known tool in the packaging world. As visible in the Venn diagram it can do everything except for Python version management:
– Python version management: ❌
– Package management: ✅
– Environment management: ✅
– Building a package: ✅
– Publishing a package: ✅
Taking a look at the feature evaluation below you will see than Poetry does not support PEP 621. There has been an open issue about this on GitHub for about 1.5 years, but it hasn’t been integrated into the main code base (yet).
Feature evaluation
| Feature | |
|---|---|
| Does the tool manage dependencies? | ✅ |
| Does it resolve/lock dependencies? | ✅ |
| Is there a clean build/publish flow? | ✅ |
| Does it allow to use plugins? | ✅ |
| Does it support PEP 660 (editable installs)? | ✅ |
| Does it support PEP 621 (project metadata)? | ❌ |
Main commands
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# Create directory structure and pyproject.toml poetry new # Create pyproject.toml interactively poetry init # Install package from pyproject.toml poetry install |
Dependency management
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# Add dependency poetry add # Display all dependencies poetry show --tree |
Running code
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# Activate virtual env poetry shell # Run script within virtual env poetry run python |
Lock file
When installing a package for the first time, Poetry resolves all dependencies listed in your pyproject.toml file and downloads the latest version of the packages. Once Poetry has finished installing, it writes all the packages and the exact versions that it downloaded to a poetry.lock file, locking the project to those specific versions. It’s recommended to commit the lock file to your project repository so that all people working on the project are locked to the same versions of dependencies. To update your dependencies to the latest versions, use the poetry update command.
Build/publish flow
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# Package code (creates `.tar.gz` and `.whl` files) poetry build # Publish to PyPI poetry publish |
PDM
PDM is a relatively new package and dependency manager (started in 2019) that is strongly inspired by Poetry and PyFlow. You will notice that I’m not talking about PyFlow in this article. That’s because PyFlow is not actively developed anymore – a must in the quickly evolving landscape of packaging. Being a new(er) tool, PDM requires Python 3.7 or higher. Another difference to other tools is that PDM allows users to choose a build backend.
PDM is the only tool (apart from PyFlow) that implements PEP 582 on local packages, an alternative way of implementing environment management. Note that this PEP was recently rejected.
As visible in the Venn diagram, PDM sits right next to Poetry. That means that it can do everything except for Python version management:
– Python version management: ❌
– Package management: ✅
– Environment management: ✅
– Building a package: ✅
– Publishing a package: ✅
The main commands of PDM are similar to Poetry. However, less commands exist. For example, there is no pdm shell or pdm new at the moment.
Feature evaluation
| Feature | |
|---|---|
| Does the tool manage dependencies? | ✅ |
| Does it resolve/lock dependencies? | ✅ |
| Is there a clean build/publish flow? | ✅ |
| Does it allow to use plugins? | ✅ |
| Does it support PEP 660 (editable installs)? | ✅ |
| Does it support PEP 621 (project metadata)? | ✅ |
Creating a new project
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# Create pyproject.toml interactively pdm init # Install package from pyproject.toml pdm install |
Dependency management
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# Add dependency pdm add # Display all dependencies pdm list --graph |
Running code
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# No pdm shell command # Run script within env pdm run python |
Lock file
The locking functionality of PDM is similar to Poetry. When installing a package for the first time, PDM resolves all dependencies listed in your pyproject.toml file and downloads the latest version of the packages. Once PDM has finished installing, it writes all packages and the exact versions that it downloaded to a pdm.lock file, locking the project to those specific versions. It’s recommended to commit the lock file to your project repo so that all people working on the project are locked to the same versions of dependencies. To update your dependencies to the latest versions, use the pdm update command.
Build/publish flow
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# Package code (creates `.tar.gz` and `.whl` files) pdm build # Publish to PyPI pdm publish |
Hatch
Hatch can perform the following tasks:
– Python version management: ✅
– Package management: ❌
– Environment management: ✅
– Building a package: ✅
– Publishing a package: ✅
It should be noted that the author of Hatch promised that locking functionality will be added soon, which should also enable package management. Please make sure to check the latest version of Hatch to see if this has been implemented when you read this article.
Update: Since version 1.8.0, Hatch provides the ability to manage Python installations, e.g. using hatch python install. Currently, only major.minor versions can be installed like 3.7 or 3.8, but not specific patches like 3.7.4.
Feature evaluation
| Feature | |
|---|---|
| Does the tool manage dependencies? | ❌ |
| Does it resolve/lock dependencies? | ❌ |
| Is there a clean build/publish flow? | ✅ |
| Does it allow to use plugins? | ✅ |
| Does it support PEP 660 (editable installs)? | ✅ |
| Does it support PEP 621 (project metadata)? | ✅ |
Creating a new project
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# Create directory structure and pyproject.toml hatch new # Interactive mode hatch new -i # Initialize existing project / create pyproject.toml hatch new --init |
Dependency management
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# Packages are added manually to pyproject.toml hatch add # This command doesn't exist! # Display dependencies hatch dep show table |
Running code
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# Activate virtual env hatch shell # Run script within virtual env hatch run python |
Build/publish flow
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# Package code (creates `.tar.gz` and `.whl` files) hatch build # Publish to PyPI hatch publish |
Declarative environment management
Special about Hatch is that it allows you to configure your virtual environments within the pyproject.toml file. In addition if lets you define scripts specifically for an environment. And example use case for this is code formatting.
Rye
Rye was recently developed by Armin Ronacher (first release May 2023), the creator of the Flask framework. It is strongly inspired by rustup and cargo, the packaging tools of the programming language Rust. Rye is written in Rust and is able to perform all tasks in our Venn diagram:
– Python version management: ✅
– Package management: ✅
– Environment management: ✅
– Building a package: ✅
– Publishing a package: ✅
Currently, Rye does not have a plugin interface. However, since new releases are published on a regular basis, this might be added in the future.
Feature evaluation
| Feature | |
|---|---|
| Does the tool manage dependencies? | ✅ |
| Does it resolve/lock dependencies? | ✅ |
| Is there a clean build/publish flow? | ✅ |
| Does it allow to use plugins? | ❌ |
| Does it support PEP 660 (editable installs)? | ✅ |
| Does it support PEP 621 (project metadata)? | ✅ |
Creating a new project
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# Create directory structure and pyproject.toml rye init # Pin a Python version rye pin 3.10 |
Dependency management
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# Add dependency - this does not install the package! rye add # Synchronize virtual envs, lock file, etc. # This install packages and Python versions rye sync |
Running code
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# Activate virtual env rye shell # Run script within virtual env rye run python |
Build/publish flow
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# Package code (creates `.tar.gz` and `.whl` files) rye build # Publish to PyPI rye publish |
Final overview
| Feature | Flit | Poetry | PDM | Hatch | Rye |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Does the tool manage dependencies? | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ |
| Does it resolve/lock dependencies? | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ |
| Is there a clean build/publish flow? | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
| Does it allow to use plugins? | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ |
| Does it support PEP 660 (editable installs)? | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
| Does it support PEP 621 (project metadata)? | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
Tools that do not fit the categories
Some tools exist which don’t fit into any of my categories. These are:
– pip-tools which helps to keep the versions of your pip-based packages up-to-date.
– tox which is mainly used for testing but also handles virtual environments.
