{"id":64343,"date":"2025-11-03T11:02:28","date_gmt":"2025-11-03T10:02:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.inovex.de\/?p=64343"},"modified":"2026-02-17T17:29:11","modified_gmt":"2026-02-17T16:29:11","slug":"cloud-emissions-reporting","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.inovex.de\/de\/blog\/cloud-emissions-reporting\/","title":{"rendered":"How Green Is Your Cloud? \u2013 Understanding Hyperscaler Emissions Reporting"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Hyperscalers are promising their customers \u201ccarbon neutral\u201c or even \u201ccarbon negative\u201c cloud computing. But what does that actually mean? And how much of that promise is just greenwashing?<\/p>\n<p>In this <strong>first part of a two-post series<\/strong>, we will explain where carbon emissions in the public cloud come from and compare the emissions calculation methodologies of Google Cloud, Microsoft Azure, and AWS. You will learn how the hyperscalers report cloud emissions and how you can use this information to optimize your own workloads.<!--more--><\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_79_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\"><p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\"><\/p>\n<\/div><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.inovex.de\/de\/blog\/cloud-emissions-reporting\/#Hyperscaler-emissions-are-increasing-year-over-year\" >Hyperscaler emissions are increasing year over year<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.inovex.de\/de\/blog\/cloud-emissions-reporting\/#Understanding-cloud-emissions\" >Understanding cloud emissions<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.inovex.de\/de\/blog\/cloud-emissions-reporting\/#Comparing-scope-2-emissions-across-hyperscalers\" >Comparing scope 2 emissions across hyperscalers<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.inovex.de\/de\/blog\/cloud-emissions-reporting\/#Comparing-scope-3-emissions-across-hyperscalers\" >Comparing scope 3 emissions across hyperscalers<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.inovex.de\/de\/blog\/cloud-emissions-reporting\/#Finding-low-carbon-cloud-regions-for-your-workloads\" >Finding low-carbon cloud regions for your workloads<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.inovex.de\/de\/blog\/cloud-emissions-reporting\/#What-next\" >What next?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hyperscaler-emissions-are-increasing-year-over-year\"><\/span>Hyperscaler emissions are increasing year over year<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The most popular public cloud providers have ambitious goals. By 2030, Google wants to reach \u201cnet-zero emissions\u201c. Microsoft even wants to become \u201ccarbon negative\u201c. But in reality, the combined actual CO\u2082e emissions of these companies have increased by 62% over the last five years.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_64390\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-64390\" style=\"width: 1915px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-64390 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.inovex.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/how-green-is-your-cloud-hyperscaler-emissions-2.png\" alt=\"This diagram shows the growth of total location-based emissions of Google and Microsoft from 2020 to 2024. Microsoft's total emissions increased from 16.24 MMT CO2e in 2020 to 25.24 MMT CO2e in 2024. Google's emissions increased from 13.69 MMT CO2e in 2020 to 23.41 MMT CO2e in 2024.\" width=\"1915\" height=\"953\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.inovex.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/how-green-is-your-cloud-hyperscaler-emissions-2.png 1915w, https:\/\/www.inovex.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/how-green-is-your-cloud-hyperscaler-emissions-2-300x149.png 300w, https:\/\/www.inovex.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/how-green-is-your-cloud-hyperscaler-emissions-2-1024x510.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.inovex.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/how-green-is-your-cloud-hyperscaler-emissions-2-768x382.png 768w, https:\/\/www.inovex.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/how-green-is-your-cloud-hyperscaler-emissions-2-1536x764.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.inovex.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/how-green-is-your-cloud-hyperscaler-emissions-2-400x199.png 400w, https:\/\/www.inovex.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/how-green-is-your-cloud-hyperscaler-emissions-2-360x179.png 360w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1915px) 100vw, 1915px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-64390\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Location-based emissions in MMT CO2e. Amazon is not included because they do not disclose location-based emissions. The growth of Microsoft\u2019s emissions decreases in 2024 at least partly because they started excluding certain categories from their reporting. Source: Microsoft 2025 Environmental Sustainability Report, Google Environmental Report 2025<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Unfortunately, Google and Microsoft do not report how much of their carbon footprint can be attributed to their public cloud businesses. But, for example, Google acknowledges that their overall growth in carbon emissions is also fueled by Google Cloud, and consequently, our very own cloud workloads.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Understanding-cloud-emissions\"><\/span>Understanding cloud emissions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Emissions from cloud workloads come from more than just energy usage. All hyperscalers (Google Cloud, Microsoft Azure, AWS) classify their emissions in accordance with the Greenhouse Gas Protocol (GHG) which is an industry standard for calculating and reporting carbon emissions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As per the GHG, emissions are to be classified in <strong>three distinct scopes<\/strong>:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Scope 1: Direct emissions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. This includes all emissions that are caused directly on-site. In the case of data centers, this would be emissions caused by burning fuels for generators. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Usually these scope 1 emissions make up less than 1 percent of total data center emissions, so we won\u2019t take a more detailed look at them for now.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Scope 2: Indirect emissions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. These are emissions caused by remotely producing electricity that the data center consumes through the electricity grid. For example, by burning coal in coal power plants.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Scope 3: Indirect value-chain emissions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: This basically includes all the other emissions caused by anything else in the value chain. For example: Emissions caused by generating the energy needed to produce server hardware and then shipping it to the data center.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While all hyperscalers have been certified by some third party to report their emissions in accordance with the GHG (for example, Google Cloud\u2019s emission calculation methodology has been reviewed by a company called <em>3Degrees<\/em>), the extent of the reported emissions still differs vastly between them. Let\u2019s compare what Google Cloud, Microsoft Azure and AWS include in their calculations.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Comparing-scope-2-emissions-across-hyperscalers\"><\/span><b>Comparing scope 2 emissions across hyperscalers<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Google Cloud, Microsoft Azure and AWS all claim that they use 100% renewable energies for their data centers. But that doesn\u2019t have to mean that all of their data centers are actually powered by renewable energies. For example, Microsoft claims it works with renewable energy power plants that \u201cprovide Azure with renewable energy certificates and power purchase agreements\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Renewable energy certificates and power purchase agreements are also known as <strong>energy attribute certificates<\/strong> (<strong>EACs<\/strong>) which are broadly speaking a class of instruments that allow you to use attributes of renewable energies \u2013<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0without actually needing to consume renewable energy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Using EACs to offset your scope 2 emissions is in compliance with the GHG as long as the EACs are bought within the same electricity market. This approach is called <\/span><b>market-based<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> emissions reporting.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, market-based emissions reporting is highly controversial and often considered greenwashing because market boundaries can be really broad (for example, all of the European Union is to be considered one electricity market), and it does not incentivize companies to invest in the decarbonization of local energy grids. But most importantly, this data is not at all helpful. Market-based data does not help us optimize our cloud workloads, because the cloud provider will simply claim they cause zero scope 2 emissions thanks to their usage of renewable energy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To see <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">real<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> scope 2 emissions, you need to look at so-called <strong>location-based emissions<\/strong> which represent the actual emissions caused by a data center. Cloud providers can do that by measuring the electricity usage at any given time and multiplying it by the local electricity grid\u2019s carbon intensity at that time. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Luckily, most hyperscalers do exactly that and provide location-based emissions data to their customers through their Cloud Carbon APIs (which we will check out in the next part of this series).<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_64362\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-64362\" style=\"width: 1304px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-64362 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.inovex.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/how-green-is-your-cloud-hyperscaler-scope-2-comparison-1.png\" alt=\"This table shows a comparison between AWS, Microsoft Azure and Google Cloud, when it comes with scope 2 emissions reporting, what they claim to do (and what they actually do) and what they pledge.\" width=\"1304\" height=\"376\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.inovex.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/how-green-is-your-cloud-hyperscaler-scope-2-comparison-1.png 1304w, https:\/\/www.inovex.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/how-green-is-your-cloud-hyperscaler-scope-2-comparison-1-300x87.png 300w, https:\/\/www.inovex.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/how-green-is-your-cloud-hyperscaler-scope-2-comparison-1-1024x295.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.inovex.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/how-green-is-your-cloud-hyperscaler-scope-2-comparison-1-768x221.png 768w, https:\/\/www.inovex.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/how-green-is-your-cloud-hyperscaler-scope-2-comparison-1-400x115.png 400w, https:\/\/www.inovex.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/how-green-is-your-cloud-hyperscaler-scope-2-comparison-1-360x104.png 360w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1304px) 100vw, 1304px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-64362\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: 2023 Amazon Sustainability Report, Microsoft 2024 Environmental Sustainability Report Data Fact Sheet, Google 2024 Environmental Report, Amazon Customer Carbon Footprint Tool Methodology, Google Cloud Carbon Footprint reporting methodology, Microsoft Cloud for Sustainability API calculation methodology<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Google Cloud clearly has the most ambitious goals here. While Microsoft Azure and AWS only want to reach net-zero market-based scope 2 emissions (by buying enough EACs in each electricity market), Google Cloud aims to reach net-zero location-based scope 2 emissions by using 100 % renewable energy in each electricity grid they operate in. According to their 2024 Environmental Report, 66% of all of Google\u2019s consumed energy already comes directly out of carbon-free energy sources, a number that they still manage to increase each year despite vastly faster-growing energy demands.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Comparing-scope-3-emissions-across-hyperscalers\"><\/span>Comparing scope 3 emissions across hyperscalers<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The hyperscalers calculate scope 3 emissions per data center. Each data center has a bill of materials, and the cloud providers can estimate the emissions caused by producing each IT hardware component (also called <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">embodied<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> emissions). These emissions get attributed to a data center and amortized over the expected life span of the component.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But also here the reporting between the hyperscalers differs greatly. For example, Microsoft includes both the production and the recycling of IT hardware components. Google only includes the production. On the other hand, Google includes the emissions caused by the construction of the data center, while Microsoft does not. And AWS does not provide any scope 3 emissions data to its customers at all.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Below table shows a brief selection of categories that you can attribute scope 3 emissions to.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_64368\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-64368\" style=\"width: 1303px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-64368 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.inovex.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/how-green-is-your-cloud-hyperscaler-scope-3-comparison.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1303\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.inovex.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/how-green-is-your-cloud-hyperscaler-scope-3-comparison.png 1303w, https:\/\/www.inovex.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/how-green-is-your-cloud-hyperscaler-scope-3-comparison-300x98.png 300w, https:\/\/www.inovex.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/how-green-is-your-cloud-hyperscaler-scope-3-comparison-1024x336.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.inovex.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/how-green-is-your-cloud-hyperscaler-scope-3-comparison-768x252.png 768w, https:\/\/www.inovex.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/how-green-is-your-cloud-hyperscaler-scope-3-comparison-400x131.png 400w, https:\/\/www.inovex.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/how-green-is-your-cloud-hyperscaler-scope-3-comparison-360x118.png 360w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1303px) 100vw, 1303px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-64368\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: Amazon Customer Carbon Footprint Tool Methodology, Google Cloud Carbon Footprint reporting methodology, Microsoft Cloud for Sustainability API calculation methodology<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Due to the big differences in how scope 3 emissions get reported, there isn\u2019t really an accurate way to compare them between hyperscalers. In our experience, scope 3 emissions usually make up a <strong>big part of overall emissions<\/strong>, ranging anywhere from <\/span><b>40%<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (in cloud regions with the worst electricity grid carbon intensity; for example, Google Cloud <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">us-east1<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in North Carolina with 660 g CO2e\/kWh) up to <\/span><b>100 %<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (in cloud regions where only carbon-free energy gets used).<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Scope 3 carbon intensity (emissions per costs) also differs greatly from one cloud region to another. We will take a closer look at scope 3 emissions in the next part of this series, where we analyze real-world cloud workload emissions data.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Finding-low-carbon-cloud-regions-for-your-workloads\"><\/span>Finding low-carbon cloud regions for your workloads<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By analyzing the emissions calculation methodologies of Google Cloud, Microsoft Azure, and AWS, we have seen that the promises of \u201ccarbon neutral\u201c cloud computing are far from being a reality. Their claims only apply to scope 2 emissions (emissions caused by direct energy consumption) and only get achieved on paper by offsetting real-world emissions through buying energy attribute certificates.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But we can use what we learned to reduce our own scope 2 emissions by picking the right cloud region for our workloads. For example, Google Cloud is really transparent about how much carbon-free energy actually gets consumed by each of their data centers.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_64371\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-64371\" style=\"width: 701px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-64371 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.inovex.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/how-green-is-your-cloud-gcp-regions-cfe.png\" alt=\"This image shows a table of Google Cloud regions, their usage of carbon-free energy and their local energy grid carbon intensity\" width=\"701\" height=\"272\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.inovex.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/how-green-is-your-cloud-gcp-regions-cfe.png 701w, https:\/\/www.inovex.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/how-green-is-your-cloud-gcp-regions-cfe-300x116.png 300w, https:\/\/www.inovex.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/how-green-is-your-cloud-gcp-regions-cfe-400x155.png 400w, https:\/\/www.inovex.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/how-green-is-your-cloud-gcp-regions-cfe-360x140.png 360w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 701px) 100vw, 701px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-64371\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: Google Cloud sustainability &#8211; Carbon free energy for Google Cloud regions<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Microsoft Azure used to publish similar information for some of their data centers but has since removed these sustainability factsheets from their website. <\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_64373\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-64373\" style=\"width: 1276px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-64373 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.inovex.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/how-green-is-your-cloud-azure-regions-cfe.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1276\" height=\"458\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.inovex.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/how-green-is-your-cloud-azure-regions-cfe.png 1276w, https:\/\/www.inovex.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/how-green-is-your-cloud-azure-regions-cfe-300x108.png 300w, https:\/\/www.inovex.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/how-green-is-your-cloud-azure-regions-cfe-1024x368.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.inovex.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/how-green-is-your-cloud-azure-regions-cfe-768x276.png 768w, https:\/\/www.inovex.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/how-green-is-your-cloud-azure-regions-cfe-400x144.png 400w, https:\/\/www.inovex.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/how-green-is-your-cloud-azure-regions-cfe-360x129.png 360w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1276px) 100vw, 1276px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-64373\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: Azure data centers sustainability fact sheets. Azure has since removed these fact sheets from their website.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And AWS does not report any information like this at all.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whenever there is no data about the actual carbon-free energy usage of a cloud region available, you can resort to checking the carbon intensity of the local energy grid by figuring out where that data center is located and then checking tools like <em>Electricity Maps<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The heroes over at <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cloudcarbonfootprint.org<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> already did all the heavy lifting and have documented the grid emission factors for all regions of Google Cloud, Microsoft Azure and AWS. Make sure to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cloudcarbonfootprint.org\/docs\/methodology#appendix-v-grid-emissions-factors\">check their documentation<\/a> when picking a region for your next cloud workloads.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What-next\"><\/span>What next?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Now that we have learned where emissions in the cloud come from, you can already utilize this knowledge to effectively reduce your cloud emissions simply by placing your cloud workloads in a low-carbon cloud region.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Next, let us check out the Cloud Carbon APIs of Google Cloud, Microsoft Azure, and AWS, which we can use to retrieve emissions data on our own cloud workloads. In the second part of this series, we will analyze real-world cloud workload emissions data provided by the hyperscalers and show you how you can (or can\u2019t) use this data to further optimize your cloud workloads.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hyperscalers are promising their customers \u201ccarbon neutral\u201c or even \u201ccarbon negative\u201c cloud computing. But what does that actually mean? And how much of that promise is just greenwashing? In this first part of a two-post series, we will explain where carbon emissions in the public cloud come from and compare the emissions calculation methodologies of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":444,"featured_media":64729,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"ep_exclude_from_search":false,"footnotes":""},"tags":[],"service":[414,1254],"coauthors":[{"id":444,"display_name":"Joe Andary","user_nicename":"jandary"}],"class_list":["post-64343","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","service-cloud","service-sustainability"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Understanding public cloud emissions reporting - inovex GmbH<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Hyperscalers are promising \u201ccarbon neutral\u201c cloud computing. 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